Nationalinks

Start your own online business with a good web design

2011-03-03T23:20:00.000+07:00

Nowadays, many business field has been moving into online media. Many companies sell their products via online, they don’t need to pay the high cost of advertising in Television, because people now prefer to look for anything on internet that using any other media. So, if you are one among the person who have decided to start your business in online media, one thing that you must to be prepared is about the web design. Web design have a big influence in your business later, the basic benefits are include the usability, maintainability, and many more. So, you must to design your own business site become so attractive to attracat many people to see your sites and your products.

If you consider yourself not be able to make a good and attractive web design, just hire the website designer to design your sites. If your business have the headquarters in Arizone, it’s very lucky for you because there are many arizona web design company that you can hire. Arizona web design is very well-known as the good web designer companies, so don’t worry that you are run out of the web designer. Just describe what do you want to put in the website or what your favorite theme for your site, and the az web design companies will design it for you.

TRADE SHOW DISPLAY SERVICES IN THE INTERNET

2010-07-21T22:39:00.000+07:00

For a company, promoting their products is one of many marketing strategies. One of those strategies is, using trade show booths. Those trade show booths can be used in an exhibition or may be placed in some strategic places such as Department stores, public rooms, and many others. Those trade show booths can help a company to promote their products efficiently. If we have a company and want to get all of the stuffs in a trade show booths, we can try to access the internet. As we know, the expanding of the internet enable us to get everything which we look for, including trade show booth stuffs which are called trade show display. There are many sites which offer many kinds of trade show display, from the cheapest until the most expensive one.

That trade show display is usually equipped by many things such as exhibit truss, trade show flooring, table covers or table skirts, banner stands, trade show furniture, pipe and drape, and many others. Those stuffs can support the appearance of the trade show booths and of course attract the visitors in the exhibition or in the other places. If those trade show booths are success, our company will get excess profit which will give a lot of benefit for our company.

CANADA – TRIP IN CAR

2010-03-18T20:52:00.000+07:00

Canada is exquisitely beautiful and to explore the secret charm of Canada, there is no better option then roaming in a car and enjoying the trip. If anybody whether from outside or the natives of the country wants to experience the historic as well as the ultra modern sights of Canada, then the only option must the Top car rental canadaMontreal is the place that is the treasure house of various historic remains like arts and artifacts in the old Montreal district. The Mount Royal another hottest tourist’s destination of Canada and to experience the charm of these places, a trip in the car is the best choice. car hire montreal airport is always present at the service of their clients. They will accompany the clients from airport to t6heir specific destinations.

Experiencing Ottawa in car is also an exotic journey and the budget cars provided by car hire Ottawa Airport, offers the visitors car on rent within a very affordable range. Top car rental montreal airportas well as 121 car hire Ottawa Airportoffers varieties types of cars to their clients based on their demands and budgets. There is different types of cars are on offer for pleasure trip and the business trip.

Advantages of Reseller Hosting

2010-03-18T13:49:00.000+07:00

Reseller hosting provides numerous advantages to determined entrepreneur. The biggest advantage is the possible cost efficiency which lets you avail disk storage and bandwidth for lower portions. In this method, you will waste valuable resources and finances.
Reseller account must be cared for like a true business, you should be cautious in selecting a web hosting provider. Some services will merely permit you in hosting a particular quantity of domains and might restrict attributes like scripts, databases, emails and other significant services.
In addition, not all host are reliable, therefore, you should aim for those with webhosting awards which can prove their dependability. In fact, web hosting blog can also assist in determining which hosting provider is an optimum choice.

CD (certificate of deposit)

2010-02-10T21:57:00.001+07:00

A certificate of deposit or CD is a time deposit, a financial product commonly offered to consumers by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions.

CDs are similar to savings accounts in that they are insured and thus virtually risk-free; they are "money in the bank"

They are different from savings accounts in that the CD has a specific, fixed term

In exchange for keeping the money on deposit for the agreed-on term, institutions usually grant higher interest rates than they do on accounts from which money may be withdrawn on demand, although this may not be the case in an inverted yield curve situation
In the US, the amount of insurance coverage varies depending on how accounts for an individual or family are structured at the institution. The level of insurance is governed by complex FDIC and NCUA rules, available in FDIC and NCUA booklets or online. CD Rates is important for today.

Golf Shop

2010-01-26T00:17:00.001+07:00

It can sometimes be difficult for left-handers to play golf. This is because most of the equipment used in golf, including clubs are worked right handed people. Using the club made for right handed people, if you're left-handers can be a problem, especially if you're not accustomed to their use. Because of this recurring question, left-handers golf-clubs have been designed so everyone can enjoy the game.

Where to find them ??
If you're not familiar with golf clubs for left-handers, then you possibly hard to find them. Most of the time, although they can be found in any Golfshop, at very affordable prices. To get the best deal, however, that you need to do a little research or windows. I have recomemmended site for you to get best deal. Try visit Golf Platzreife
Looking equipment ??
When you finally find the clubs that you think would be better for you, do not forget to try to make sure that you want to get the correct. However, don't pay for it just yet. If your research, you should be able to compare the prices that you saw in the network from the price clubs at the store. If it means higher than those on the internet, then you'll be able to take with a pass-first and left-handers simply order golf-clubs online. Just visit http://www.golfakademie.com/ for golf shop

Gold Nuggets Found in Dunolly

2010-01-22T14:30:00.000+07:00

Gold Nuggets is awesome gold. Because, it's consist of a best gold component. Gold nuggets found in dunolly, see below video from youtube. its a big gold

Gold Panning Trick (video)

2010-01-20T14:11:00.001+07:00

i was searching more information about panning.
and i found about gold panning trick from spacepainter. Maybe this video usefull for you...

panning is a gold mining equipment. For more information about it search in my blog ...

Source: youtube.com

Panning Pictures (gold mining equipment)

2010-01-20T14:05:00.003+07:00

Panning is one of the other gold mining equipment for exploration or for other reason.

This pictures from many references.....

Sieve Shaker In Mining Laboratory

2009-11-20T21:03:00.001+07:00

Sieve Shaker

A sieve analysis or gradation test is a practice or procedure applied (generally applied in civil engineering for foundation or in mining engineering for coal analysis ) to assess the particle size distribution of a granular material.

Shieve analysis used equipment. This equipment is shieve shaker or mechanical shaker. I think shieve shaker is a part of mining equipment. like crusher, ball mill, hammer mill and many more.

sieve

The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs used. A sieve analysis can be executed on any case of non-organic or organic granular materials including crushed rock, sands, clays, coal, granite, soil, feldspars,a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method.

Usually after used jaw crusher, material will be processing with vibrating screen or shieve shaker.

Hammer Mill Function

2009-11-15T00:32:00.008+07:00

A hammer mill is a machine whose function is to shred material into fine particles. They've more sorts of applications in several manufactures, admitting:

* Milling grain.
* Shredding paper.
* Ethanol plants (corn).
* Grinding used shipping pallets for mulch.
* Fruit juice product
* Sawmills, size decrease of trim scrap and planer shavings into kettle fuel or mulch.
* A farm machine, which mills grain into coarse flour to be fed to livestock.
* Shredding scrap automobiles (see automotive shredder residue).
* In waste management

The common rule is straightforward. A hammer mill is basically a steel drum carrying a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the central rotor. The rotor is spun at a high speed inside the drum while material is fed into a feed hopper.

Small grain hammer mills can be operated on household current. Large automobile shredders can use one or more 2000 horsepower (1.5 MW) diesel engines to power the hammer mill.

The Screenless hammer mill applies air flow to separate small particles from bigger ones. It's projected to be more dependable, and is also claimed to be much cheaper and more energy efficient than regular hammer mills.

reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org
munsonmachinery.com
hammer-mill-pulverizer.com

Ball Mill Pictures (Mining Equipment)

2009-11-01T10:20:00.004+07:00

source pictures : en.wikipedia.org

A ball mill, a type of grinder, is a cylindrical device applied in grinding (or mixing) materials such as ores, chemicals, ceramic raw materials and paints. Ball mills rotate around a flat axis, partially filled with the material to be ground plus the grinding average. Another materials are applied as media, admitting ceramic balls, flint pebbles and stainless steel balls. An internal cascading result reduces the material to a fine powder. Industrial ball mills may control continuously, fed at one end and dispatched at the other end. Large to medium-sized ball mills are automatically rotated on their axis, but small ones commonly consist of a cylindrical capped container that sits on 2 movement shafts (pulleys and belts are used to transmit rotary motion).

source pictures : ballmills.com.cn

A rock tumbler purposes on the same rule. Ball mills are also applied in pyrotechnics and the construct of black powder, but cannot be applied in the preparation of some pyrotechnic mixtures like flash powder because of their sensitivity to affect.

source pictures : interquip.com.au

High-quality ball mills are possibly expensive and can grind mixture particles to as small as five nm, enormously increasing surface area and reaction rates.

source pictures : mlzgw.com

The grinding works on principle of critical speed. The critical speed may be understood as that accelerate after which the steel balls (which are responsible for the grinding of particles) begin rotating along the direction of the cylindrical device; thus causing no further grinding.

Crusher In Mining Equipment Pictures

2009-10-31T16:23:00.002+07:00

Jaw Crusher Pictures
Source picture: jaw-crushers.cn

A crusher is a machine planned to reduce big rocks into more minor gravel, rocks, or rock dust. Crushers possibly applied to reduce the size, or convert the form, of waste product* so they can be more easily disposed from or reprocessed, or to reduce the size of a solid blend of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated. Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in the material being crushed do.

Processing material in crusher
source : http://www.break-day.com

Crushing devices admit material between 2 analog or tangent solid surfaces, and use sufficient pressure to add the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other.

Crusher
source : http://www.break-day.com

The earliest crushers represented hand-held stones, where the weight of the stone allowed a rise to muscle power, applied against a stone anvil. Querns and mortars are types of these crushing devices.

Siamese Cat Pictures Collection

2009-10-30T09:34:00.003+07:00

Cute Cat Siamese Pictures

Siamese Cat Pictures

Retiremant Planning

2009-10-16T17:58:00.000+07:00

Retirement is changing your life. Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely, it’s can because fired or old. A person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours. Many people choose to retire when they are eligible for private or public pension benefits, although some are forced to retire when physical conditions don't allow the person to work any more (by illness or accident). In most countries, the idea of retirement is of recent origin, being introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries. Previously, low life expectancy and the absence of pension arrangements meant that most workers continued to work until death.
Retirement might coincide with important life changes; a retired worker might move to a new location, for example a retirement community, thereby having less frequent contact with their previous social context and adopting a new lifestyle. Often retirees volunteer for charities and other community organizations.
Today, retirement with a pension is considered a right of the worker in many societies, and hard ideological, social, cultural and political battles have been fought over whether this is a right. In many western countries this right is mentioned in national constitutions.
Before Planning your Retiremant, you must know five risk in retirement, there as :
Savings Risk, Investment Risk, Longevity Risk, Government Rule Change Risk and Tax Risk.
If you want retirement, you must try to planning for retirement. The retirement plan should keep the following in mind. First step, you must make a review of your finances and find chances. The only way to make progress towards your goal of a comfortable retirement is to focus on how all the pieces work together to efficiently build wealth, allow you to spend it and pass it on.
For other step you can found on governmentretirement.com. This site provide solutions for seniors and retirees to increase their income and maximize their finances. governmentretirement.com have many solution and services for your problems

Bad Credit Repair

2009-10-09T21:26:00.001+07:00

Credit repair is a process in which consumers with unfavorable credit histories attempt to re-establish their credit-worthiness. A lot of stress comes with struggling with bad record, but there are ways to get rid of negative items on your report. You can use credit service to repair credit.

Bad credit repair is process involves procuring a credit report from the rating agencies and then taking appropriate steps to address any apparent issues such as errors, omissions, misinformation, misreporting or misinterpretation. A consumer can then formally dispute those errors or issues which unjustly distort their financial healthiness and credit-worthiness. Various laws and regulations designed to ensure legal and fair undertaking of the credit repair process can then be utilized to formally and legally start the credit repair process. Consumers are entitled to a copy of their credit report legally, if they have been denied a credit card or loan and if the information provided on the report is inaccurate, an investigation relating to true facts is necessary for a credit repair. This problem can repair with credit service. I have one recommended site for credit service. Try to visit repairmycreditnow.com

They will give you free credit report evaluation and free credit repair information and, if you have any problem to repair by yourself try their service.

Percussion Drilling In Mining

2009-10-06T10:59:00.003+07:00

Percussion drilling equipment usually use in mining. This Mining equipment use for exploration or to took sampling in mining exploration area. This equipment have advantage. It is very easy to used and moved.
Bellow is description about one of many type Percussion Drilling (www.eijkelkamp.com)
If drilling has to be executed in hard soils, possible containing layers of rubble and/or stones usually percussion drilling is applied. In case of percussion drilling the percussion gouges, fitted with a hardened cutting head, are driven into the soil using a percussion hammer. By executing this procedure step-wise the introduction and extraction of the gouges is simplified and contamination is avoided as much as possible. Samples taken applying percussion drilling suffer minimal disturbance. A dense sample grid is possible in relatively short time due to fast and simple sampling. Ergonomic operation is improved as 1.0 m extension rods as well as 0.5 m extension rods are available. The percussion gouge also penetrates rubble and thus can be deployed on dump sites or in urban areas. The percussion gouges can be used above as well as under the groundwater level. The percussion gouge can also be used for manual bailer boring drilling in order to penetrate a rubble layer. Percussion drilling for instance is applied for research on soil pollution, grain size distribution, general soil classification, profile descriptions, etc. A percussion drilling installation is a complete and many sided sampling system for sampling up to a depth of between 5 to 10 meter in almost all (not too) hard types of soil. In concrete or road decks and slabs holes are normally drilled by a diamond saw company prior to percussion drilling.

References : www.eijkelkamp.com (manufacturer of environmental research equipment)

Fresh Graduated for Mining Company - South Kalimantan

2009-09-25T19:22:00.003+07:00

VACANCY IN COAL MINING COMPANY - SOUTH KALIMANTAN (indonesia)

We are a leading regional integrated mining company for more than 17 years. To support our expansion, we urgently require qualified, professional and highly motivated candidates to join our winning team for the following positions: FRESH GRADUATED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (FGDP) with the main requirement as follows

1. Bachelor Degree of Mining Engineering - (FGDP-OPR)

2. Bachelor Degree of Geology - (FGDP-OPR)

3. Bachelor or Diploma Degree of Occupational and Safety Health - (FGDP-HSE)

All candidates must have following criteria :

a. Male, 21 - 25 years old with excellent health.

b. Willingness to be positioned in remote area (Asam-asam, South Kalimantan).

c. Computer literacy and proficiency in written and spoken English.

d. Good interpersonal skills and team player.

e. Good in analyzing, arranging and organizing.

f. Highly motivated and hard working under pressures.

g. Ability to work in a cross-cultural environment.

We offer career opportunities, a dynamic working environment and excellent salary packages for top candidates. Should you meet those criteria, please send your application with a comprehensive resume, a recent photograph, copies of academic certificate & supporting documents within a week after this advertisement and kindly state the position you apply for at the e-mail subject to : recruitment@ ptdh.co.id (recruitment at ptdh.co.id) - http://www.ptdh. co.id

All tests will be held in Jogjakarta and Jakarta.

The whole recruitment process will be held in Jakarta. ONLY shortlisted candidates will be contacted for further process.

How is Iron Ore Deposit Formed

2009-09-13T10:29:00.003+07:00

Photosynthesis by the earliest forms of plant life, this means a form of life able of feeding itself instead of feeding off of others. photosynthesis will produce significant amounts of oxygen. Oxygen have one important thing to know is that likes to reach with things. oxygen is one of the reactive of all the elements in nature. So, oxygen will readily attack and attach itself to other elements, such as Iron. it is readily attacked by oxygen.

Another form of heterotrophic is life forms which take things outside themselves. Its had been producing waste products such as iron in the form of pyrite. Pyrite is a rock which is resembles gold, so pyrite called as fools gold. As oxygen began to be produced, a curious phenomena occured. Huge amounts of iron which had accumulated in the early ocean were attacked by the accumulating oxygen. When oxygen (O2) reacts with iron (Fe) containing substances such as FeS2 (pyrite), iron ores are produced. Oxide rocks such as hematite, limonite, magnetite and siderite are among the iron ores. Rocks in this case are mined today, and the iron (Fe) they contain in that rocks. So, Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.

This process working so long to make a huge iron ore deposit. This activity took place between 3.5 and 2.5 billion years ago. Over a period of a billion years, huge deposits of iron ores were laid at the bottom of the sea. Iron ores mined today in the South Africa, Australia, and United States, are part of the huge deposits laid down at that time.

Job Vacancy in PT Petrosea Tbk (mining Engineering)

2009-09-11T03:57:00.005+07:00

PT Petrosea Tbk is a multi-disciplinary engineering, mining company and construction with a track record in Indonesia since 1972 and now is recognized as one of Indonesia's leading engineering and mining contractors. Petrosea has been involved in the development of Indonesia's considerable mining, oil & gas and infrastructure industries, providing a wide array of services and support throughout the Indonesian Archipelago. For more information about this company >> http://www.petrosea.com/

PT Petrosea Tbk are currently taking applicants for the following position:

MINING ENGINEER

Education: Bachelor Degree (S1) from Mining Engineering.

PT Petrosea Tbk >> Requirements:

1. Fluent in English, both written and verbal.

2. Minimum 2 years of experiences in mining industry.

3. Willing to be located in company project sites in remote areas

4. Computer literate

5. Good communication skills and teamwork.

PT Petrosea Tbk >> Responsibilities:

1. Contribute to the development of the short term detailed mine execution plans to integrate with the mining operations (utilizing Surpac mine planning software)

2. Evaluate and analyze project performance data related to productivity, cost & safety utilizing PT Petrosea standard systems

3. Monitor and coordinate engineering activities to ensure efficient production of engineering plans to meet contract program requirements

4. Identify engineering problems, propose solutions and expedite actions regarding the client agreement where necessary

5. Review client plans and requests to ensure the requirements defined are incorporated in the works and the responsibilities allocated under the project quality system and understood and implemented

6. Work in conjunction with site survey team to analyze progress surveys and haul profile surveys

7. Collect data related to subcontractor performance and prepare summary reports required for the project

8. Prepare data for the progress claim report to be reviewed by the Engineering Superintendent

9. Minimize exposure to personnel and the environment by identifying hazards and risks during the planning phase of the work packages

10. Coaching and mentoring of graduate mining engineers, mining engineers and technical assistants

To apply for this position, please forward your application together with a detailed resume including recent color photograph and quoting in email

Subject: MINING ENGINEER
Destination : lavinia.budiyanto@petrosea.com in
Format :Microsoft Word format or Pdf, not more than 350kb.

Wrought iron Information

2009-09-06T03:46:00.004+07:00

Wrought iron is commercially pure iron. Wrought iron contains less than 0.25% carbon. Wrought iron produced, such as : straps for timber roof trusses, nails, handrails, railway couplings, bolts, nuts, water and steam pipes, horseshoes, chains, rivets, and ornamental ironwork.

Wrought iron has a very low carbon content (0.25 % carbon) and it is a fibrous material due to the slag inclusions

Mild steel has been replaced wrought iron. Mild steel corrodes more readily that wrought iron, but is cheaper and more widely available. So, Wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale.

The Eiffel tower in paris is constructed from puddle iron. Puddle iron is a type of wrought iron. Puddle iron production process was invented at the end of the eighteenth century, following an increase in the need for wrought iron.

Characteristics Of Iron

2009-09-01T11:10:00.000+07:00

Source picture : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/

Pure iron is a metal but is very difficult found in this form on the surface of the earth. In order to obtain metallic iron, oxygen must be removed from naturally occurring ores by chemical reduction – mainly of the iron ore hematite (Fe2O3) by carbon at high temperature.
in other word, Pure iron is a bright silvery-white metal which oxidizes (rusts) rapidly in moist air or in water containing dissolved oxygen. It is malleable, soft, and ductile, and is strongly magnetic (ferromagnetic).

The properties of iron can be modified by alloying it with various other metals (and some non-metals, notably carbon and silicon) to form steels. Mechanical properties of iron and its alloys are traditionally evaluated using various measurements, such as Brinell test, Rockwell test, tensile strength and other; their results are so much consistent among each other that universal relations are often used to relate results of one measurement to another

Iron Ore Mining Industry

2009-08-31T10:53:00.003+07:00

Magnetite

Hematite

Goethite

Limonite

source picture : http://www.mii.org/

Iron is the world's most commonly used metal. It is used primarily in structural engineering applications and in automobiles, maritime purposes, and general industrial applications (machinery).
Iron is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Fe (Latin: ferrum). it's atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 element and is therefore classified as a transition metal

Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red.

In the world, About 98% of iron ore is used to make steel and Powdered iron: used in metallurgy products, magnets, high-frequency cores, auto parts, catalyst

The iron itself is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3), goethite, limonite or siderite. Hematite is also known as "natural ore".

Metal Ore Mining Industry

2009-08-29T23:57:00.000+07:00

The metal ore mining industry segment covers the extraction of metal ores such as iron, gold, silver, lead, and copper. Many kind of this mineral have a different of industrial purposes. copper is the main element of electrical wiring, lead is used in batteries, iron is used to get steel, gold and silver are mainly used in jewelry and high-end electronics, and zinc is used to coat iron and steel to reduce corrosion and as an alloy in the having of bronze and brass.

Most metals do not exist in concentrated form but rather in little traces in rock. Indistinguishable from natural rocks to the untrained eye, some ores are presently mined that contain only a fragment of a percent of metal. As a result, a massive amount of rock must be extracted from the ground in order to obtain a useful amount of metal. As a effect of this, and because metal ores are less common than coal, metal mines can be much larger than coal mines and control in more extreme environments while coal mines are rarely more than a few hundred feet underground, gold mines can be over a mile below the surface.

A important amount of processing is necessary to change ore into usable metal. The mining industry includes initial mineral processing and planning activities that are located together with mines as part of the extraction process. Further processing is classified under the main metal manufacturing industry.

Sluice Boxes in Gold Mining

2009-08-23T16:45:00.000+07:00

Applying a sluice box to extract gold from placer deposits has been a popular apply in small-scale mining throughout history to the modern day. Sluice boxes were developed versions of the Long Tom. A number of sluice boxes were often connected into a long line, and big crews of miners were applied. A sluice box is essentially a man-made channel with riffles set in the bottom. The riffles are designed to create dead zones in the current to admit gold to drop out of suspension. The box is placed in the stream (stream of the river) to channel water flow. Ground sluicing was a variant of this practice.in the stream of the river would be diverted into trenches and would soften the gold-bearing dirt and rock. The miners would loosen the dirt and rocks with picks and let water and gravity to carry the material down to a sluice box. Lighter material flows out of the box as tailings. in larger commercial placer mining processes employ screening plants or trommels to take alluvial materials such as gravel and boulders before concentrating in a sluice box. These activity typically include diesel-powered earth moving equipment in mining equipment such as rock trucks, wheel loaders, bulldozers, and excavators.

Metal ore mines (surface mining or underground mining)

2009-08-22T12:39:00.001+07:00

Metal ore mines are found in both surface mining and underground mining, depending on where the ore deposit is located. so, we can choose that methode which can suitable with that located. In addition to strip mining, surface ore mines also use the open-pit mining technique. This technique the most used for extraction mineral. This technique usually make a big holes in the ground that are mined by blasting rock from the sides and bottom with explosives, carrying out the broken up material in trucks, and then repeating the process. Open pit mines can develop to be hundreds of feet deep and several miles wide.

If metal ores can’t extracted by that technique, we can use Underground mining methods. Underground mining of ore is less common, typically only happening when rich veins of ore are discovered or mineral prices are high enough to justify the added expense. So, Underground mining the last choise for take that deposit. Underground mining have a big risk for the employee but less impact to the environment.

Prehistoric mining

2009-08-19T21:52:00.003+07:00

From the very beginning of civilization people have used stone, ceramics, metals and later at or near the earth's surface. They were used to manufacture early tools and weapons, for example, high quality flint found in northern France and southern England, were used to create flint tools .

source picture : greatormemines.info

Flint mines have been discovered in areas where the chalk stone formations were followed underground by shafts and galleries. In the mines at Grimes Graves particularly well-known, like most other flint mines, are Neolithic in origin (about 4000 BC-ca 3000 BC). Other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the greenstone of the Langdale axes industry based in the English Lake District.

The oldest known archaeological record of mine clearance is the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland. On this site, which is radiocarbon dating the mine, about 43,000 years ago, the Paleolithic people mined mineral hematite, which contains iron, and earth to get the red ocher pigment. Mines of a similar age in Hungary and are believed to be sites where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons and tools.

Surface Mining Method

2009-08-18T20:20:00.003+07:00

Surface mining usually include the area, auger, and contour. In coal mining method, usually area mines are surface mines that remove shallow coal over wide areas, where land is relatively flat. Huge dragline shovels commonly remove the overlying rocks of the coal (called overburden). Once the coal has been removed, the rock is placed back into the pit. Contour mines are surface mines, the mine coal in steep, hilly or mountainous terrain. Klin rock is
removed, along with coal to the surface on the side of a hill, forming a bench at the level of the coal. After coal is removed, the overburden is placed back on the bench to back up the hill to its natural slope. Mountaintop removal mines special area mines, which used several thick coal seams happen near the tops of mountains. Large volumes of stripping is removed from the top of the mountain, and the material used to fill in the valleys near the mine. No mines are operated on a surface mine benches (before they are closed), and coal toward a hill that can not be achieved by the contour extraction drilled (or serve) from. Drift, contour, mountaintop removal, and no mining is more prevalent in Eastern Kentucky coal field, and area, slope, and the mining pits are more common in western Kentucky coal fields.

In Other Means

Surface mining of the type of the mountain where the soil and rocks covering the minerals are removed. It is the opposite of underground mining method in which the overlying rock left in place, and the mineral removed through shafts or tunnels.

Surface mining is commonly used in mineral deposits on rock located close to the surface, where the OB (Overburden) is comparatively thin or the material of interest structurally unsuitable for tunneling (as regular in the case of ash, sand and gravel). Where minerals happen deep under the surface, where an overly thick or the mineral occurs in veins of hard-rock underground mining methods are used for the extraction of material value. The surface mines, as a rule, or extend to the mineral deposits are exhausted, or the cost of removal of large amounts of stripping makes further mining uneconomic.

In familiar forms of surface mining, heavy equipment in mining such as, earthmovers, first remove the overburden - the soil and rocks above the deposit. Further, the large machines, such as dragline excavators for extract minerals.

References :
www.uky.edu
en.wikipedia.org

Gold panning technique

2009-08-17T18:49:00.004+07:00

Why we used Gold panning technique ?

Panning is one of the best method of separating gold from rock. Panning gold is the easiest way to looking for gold nuggets. Panning gold is very simple, once you realize that you are doing the same thing that the river does when it causes deposit during flood storms and gold to concentrate. But this technique can’t commercially viable for extracting gold from large deposits, except where labor costs are very low gold traces are very substantial. This technique used to evaluate for commercial viability. If that located have a big deposit we can used another method for extraction that mineral. Another method such as cradling, dry blowing, shaft mining, Puddling and dredging can use for gold mining
source picture: www.istockphoto.com

Story of This Technique

Gold panning techniques are centuries old. This technique was introduced by Isaac Humphrey at Coloma in 1848. However, the Mexicans may have beaten Humphrey to the punch as they also had developed the skills in their own country, using a flat dish called a batea. Gold panning was slow even for most skillful miner. In a single day, one miner was able to wash only 50 pans in 12 hour workday and obtain only a little amount of gold dust.This Technique was the most popular method of mining on the goldfields. The material was loosened with pick and shovel. After it had been broken down, this material was taken by wheelbarrow to a creek where it was carefully washed and swished around a shallow metal pan and then water separated the particles of dirt, pebbles and rock. so, the little deposits of gold sank to the bottom of the pan. This was successful for resulting little nuggets. A persistent prospector could get a substantial amount of gold over time.

Gemstone in Pakistan (mining equipment)

2009-08-07T13:32:00.002+07:00

SKARDU, Gilgit and ASTORE some mountain areas of Pakistan, in that area have various minerals and precious stones. Gemstones and minerals have been produced in this mountainous region of Pakistan for nearly 40 years.These places are famous as geologically concerned places, and they provide a great advantage for the prospectors and gemologists to search for mineral deposits and stone with more rock influence.

Mountainous regions are geologically active areas that expose a greater amount of rock outcrops and give prospectors an advantage in locating gem and mineral deposits. They also give rise to numerous logistical problems, some of which are extreme.

The government of Pakistan would like to lease all its gem deposits to corporations and take the production of the hands of the locals. Local deposits are believed to be suitable for corporations of company, but the pegmatitic deposits must remain in the hands of the local villagers who presently operate these mostly inaccessible and unpredictable deposits. In some areas, there were well-organized miners’ connections, while in others there was smaller organization, and in still others the locals had no idea what was being mined in their own backyard.

These mountains (SKARDU, Gilgit and ASTORE) are blessed with various types of precious stones, but the sad fact is that this abundant treasure hidden wealth is not fully used for many types of political, social and financial issues. The biggest obstacle in this regard are the lack of investment companies, carelessness, lack of modern equipment for mining and skilled labor is very important

These many types of minerals and precious stones of the areas of the country, deprived of the latest mining equipment, engineering expertise and the usual safety. Currently, the Chinese had a rock drill which is used in most of the miners to the surface mining, as well as the subway.

Without proper ventilating system, miners were frequently forced to stop work if they can not light a melting more due to air pollution and lack of oxygen. There are 40,000 people working as miners in the northern areas of Pakistan, and most of them were found with lung diseases that happen due to carbon monoxide poisoning and silicosis. But the majority of deaths happen due to burial in falls or fall of the rock, and it shows that safety standards are also needed to be improved for avoid this event

There are no limited personnel who can provide first aid in case of certain emergencies. Most of the time, miners could be seen climbing the mountain without climbing techniques, as they do not have the proper climbing equipment. Most of them are also not aware of extreme mountain climbing techniques.

These miners not only with the help of the old drilling equipment, but they are also not fully aware of the recent blasting and drilling technologies, and there is an urgent need to improve these methods. According to some reports, the miners are frequently similar to the activity of one to three holes in one round, and they can not do more than 30cm tunnel a day for most of the time.

In this they were able to drill only 45cm deep holes, and gasoline used by exercise, which is regarded as an appropriate activity for drilling vertical holes, and it is often not suitable for horizontal drilling. Shahterov must use the proper drilling of the structure and it can be very useful if they are drill horizontally than vertically.

Pakistan can be a leader in the gemstone industry in the region, if proper care is given to improving mining techniques and equipment.

reference : www.palagems.com

Gold Mining Equipment (Panning)

2009-08-02T13:12:00.000+07:00

Gold is a chemical substance element with the symbol Au (Latin: aurum) and an atomic number of 79. It has been a highly sought-after precious metal in jewelry, in sculpture, and for decoration since the beginning of recorded history. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits

Gold Mining is a great way to have fun in the great outdoors. A development number of hobbyists are looking for gold mining equipment to support their recreational gold mining activities. For these hobbyists, there is no greater excitement than searching for fragment of gold, just like the followers of the original gold rush back in the 1800s.

Gold Mining Instruments

There are some simple gold mining instruments that are essential for any gold miner to have. Practice makes perfect with these instruments, and some are easier to learn how to use than others. We advise opening with gold panning, as this is by far the easiest way to have acquainted with the process.

Gold Panning Supplies

Gold panning is the easiest way to looking for gold fragment. It is the most used for searching or looking for gold. It takes a bit of patience and a few simple tools, but it is still a very effective way to find small amounts of gold in streambeds. What you'll need for find the gold ?

• Gold Pan-to filter down to the gold.
• Finishing pan--smaller pan to do the finer filtering.
• Trowel and small pick-to dig up stream bed material.
• Magnet-Gold is not magnetic, so you can magnetically remove magnetic sands.
• Tweezers-for plucking out gold particles
• Snuffer Bottle--Used for "sucking" gold particles out of pan.
• Funnel - Aids in transferring rich sands into sample bottle
• Sample Bottle - A big mouth helps with the transfer, also plastic is safer and won't break.
• Magnifying Glass-to zoom in on sand particles.
• Classifiers, screens, sieves-these are optional, they can help with the filtering process.

Sluice Boxes

Sluice boxes let the flow do that for you! A very simple sluice box can greatly increase your productivity because you can process more material. Serious prospectors may want to use a gas powered sluice, which ups your productivity even more.

Metal Detectors

Metal detectors can help you to find located gold fragment. To be effective with this method, you need to know how to use this equipment, you also need to know how and where to look. If you can do that it make this job easier

Suction Dredging Equipment

A Suction Dredge is for the more serious gold miners. It is like a powerful, underwater vacuum with a gold recovery system gloating on the surface of the water.

picture by upload.wikimedia.org

Privacy Policy

2009-08-02T12:19:00.001+07:00

If you require any more information or have any questions about our privacy policy, please feel free to contact us by email at diqkynaruto@yahoo.co.id.

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The Largest Diamond Mine

2009-08-01T06:22:00.004+07:00

The mine begun in 1955, the pit is now 525 meters deep and 1.25 kilometers across. This diamond mine is so deep that the surrounding "air zone... is closed for helicopters" after "a few accidents when they were 'sucked in' by downward air flow...".The massive 20-foot tall rock-hauling trucks that service the mine travel along a road that spirals down from the lip of the hole to its basin. Round-trip travel time: two hours. Meanwhile, something completely different and Jules Vernian is about to happen thanks to some Japanese scientists hoping to drill down into the earth's mantle: "Using a giant drill ship launched (in July 2005), the researchers aim to be the first to punch a big hole through the rocky crust that covers our planet and to reach the mantle below." And then, in an oddly Borgesian, or perhaps MC Escherian, moment of nomenclatural mise-en-abîme, "The 57,500-tonne drill ship Chikyu (Japanese for Earth) is being prepared in the southern port of Nagasaki. Two-thirds the length of the Titanic, it is fitted with technology borrowed from the oil industry that will allow it to bore through 7,000 metres of crust below the seabed while floating in 2,500 metres of water – requiring a drill pipe 25 times the height of the Empire State building."

reference : http://bldgblog.blogspot.com and bbc

Definition Of Mining

2009-07-16T15:56:00.003+07:00

Mining is The process or business of extracting ore or minerals from the ground. In other word, Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt and potash. Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any non-renewable resource
The essece of mining in extracting mineral from earth is to drive or construct an excavation, a mean of the entry, from the existing surface to the mineral deposit.
Mining today is able to profitably and safely recover minerals with little negative impact to the environment.

Conclusions for Blasting in surface mining

2009-04-27T16:04:00.002+07:00

Blasting releases a tremendous amount of energy for fragmenting and displacing rocks within a very short time. The blast should be designed so that the energy released by detonation performs useful work. Any imbalance between the distribution of the explosive energy, geomechanical strength of the surrounding rock mass, and confinement creates a potential hazardous condition by channeling the energy through the path of least resistance. Such imbalance can propel flyrock beyond the blast area and create a potential for serious injuries and fatalities. Case studies listed in Appendix A underscore this issue. Blasters should follow procedures required by local, state and federal statutes to guard against catastrophic consequences. The principal factors attributed to the fatalities were personal, task and environmental. Intervention programs in the realm of behavioral/educational, administrative/regulatory, and engineering merit serious attention. During the ten-year period from 1989 to 1998 a reduction in fatal and nonfatal blasting injuries in surface coal mines was observed compared to the previous ten-year period (1979-1988). However, in the surface metal/nonmetal mining sector such reduction was not observed.

References :

NIOSH (2000). Worker health chartbook, 2000: U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, Public Health Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2000-127

Job Vacancy at Coal Mining (PT. KPC)

2009-04-06T04:30:00.000+07:00

PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) operates a coal mine in Sangatta, East Kalimantan, and is one of the largest export coal mines in the world. Coal production in 2008 will be around 43 million tonnes with significant further expansion planned in the years to come.
PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) incorporated in Indonesia with BP and CRA each holding 50% of the shares. KPC licensed to conduct exploration and mining of coal based on a Coal Contract of Works (CCOW) with the concession covering 90,706 ha. The Indonesian State Coal Company (PTBA) to receive 13.5% entitlement of all production

Positions Available in PT Kaltim Prima Coal

1. Manager Internal Audit(Code: MIA)

Key elements of the position include:

* Implement the annual audit plan, as approved, including as appropriate any special tasks or projects requested by management and the audit committee.
* Develop a flexible annual audit plan using an appropriate risk-based methodology, including any risks or control concerns identified by management, and submit that plan to the audit committee for review and approval as well as periodic updates.
* Evaluate and assess significant merging/consolidating functions and new or changing services, processes, operations, and control processes coincident with their development, implementation, and/or expansion.
* Provide a list of significant measurement goals and results to the audit committee.
* Keep the audit committee informed of emerging trends and successful practices in internal auditing.
* Assist in the investigation of significant suspected fraudulent activities within the organization and notify management and the audit committee of the results.
* Consider the scope of work of the external auditors and regulators (including government appointed auditors), as appropriate, for the purpose of providing optimal audit coverage to the organization at a reasonable overall cost.
* Report significant issues related to the processes for controlling the activities of the organization and its affiliates, including potential improvements to those processes, and provide information concerning such issues through resolution.
* Periodically provide information on the status and results of the annual audit plan and the sufficiency of department resources.
* Provide annually an assessment on the adequacy and effectiveness of the organization’s processes for controlling its activities and managing its risks in the areas set forth under the mission and scope of work.
* Coordinate with and provide oversight of other control and monitoring functions (risk management, compliance, security, legal, ethics, environmental, external audit).

Qualifications & Experience :

* At least 10 (ten) years internal audit experience. Ideally in a large scale corporate environment covering operational, risk, assurance audits as well as audit work at a recognized senior level and exposure to the oil, gas or mining industries.
* Report writing skills.
* Tertiary qualifications (S1 degree) in business management and/or accounting, Master degree is preferred.
* Managerial and supervisory experience.
* Project management skills.

* Hold professional/expertise certification from recognized professional institution (such as Certified Internal Auditor from The Institute of Internal Auditor).
* Attention to detail together with analytical and problem solving skills.
* Effective communication skills (written and oral).
* Fluency in both English and Indonesian to converse with both internal and external personnel.

2. Superintendent Internal Audit(Code: SIA)

Main elements of the position description include:

* Plan and manage audit responsibilities and nominated projects, consistent with the Unit's annual audit plan to meet time, cost and quality parameters, comply with recognized standards and highlight anomalies, should they exist.
* Providing audit plan that relevant to objectives accomplishment for each engagement.
* Doing audit based on approved engagement audit plan and gaining evidences that’s documented and administered in working papers.
* Preparing audit report that containing relevant recommendations.
* Monitoring on recommendation follow up.
* Action audit initiatives and projects to assess the strengths as well as areas for improvement within specific KPC operations, monitor compliance against standards and provide material for inclusion in detailed audit reports.

Qualifications & Experience :

* Tertiary qualifications (S1 degree) in business management and/or accounting At least 7 (seven) years internal audit experience in Accounting & Finance and or Mining Industry.
* Excellent Analytical Thinking, Problem Solving, Planning & Organizing.
* Excellent Report Writing & Presentation skills.
* Effective communication skills (written and oral).
* Hold professional/expertise certification from recognized professional institution (such as Certified Internal Auditor from The Institute of Internal Auditor).
* Fluency in both English and Indonesian to converse with both internal and external personnel.
* Good Computer skills such as Excel, Word, Power Point etc.

Remuneration:
This is a challenging career prospect and a very competitive remuneration & benefit package will be offered to qualified candidate.

If your background meets these requirements, forward your resume (including details of present position & remuneration, your latest color photograph) no later than May, 8th 2009 to the following address:
The Superintendent Recruitment
PT. Kaltim Prima Coal, PO BOX 620
Balikpapan 76106, Kalimantan Timur

E-mail: recruitment@kpc.co.id

For more information. Visit : http://www.kaltimprimacoal.co.id

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2009-03-24T15:10:00.001+07:00

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Hazards of surface blasting

2009-03-20T22:02:00.001+07:00

The hazards of suace blasting are primarily due to lack of blast area security, flyrock, premature blast, and misfire (Verakis & Lobb, 2001). Blasting generally entails two purposes:

rock fragmentation and displacement of the broken rock. The displacement of the broken rock depends on the shot-design parameters, geological conditions, and mining constraints. Fragmented rock is not expected to travel beyond the limits of the blast area. The blaster determines the bounds of the blast area and is responsible for complying with safety laws. Langefors & Kishlstrom (1963), Roth (1979), and Persson et al. (1994) have developed theories to compute flyrock range. A blaster may use such concepts, in conjunction with past experience, to determine the size of a blast area. The Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) defines flyrock as the rock propelled beyond the blast area by the force of an explosion (IME, 1997). An injury due to flyrock is sustained when it travels beyond the blast area and injures someone. The major factors responsible for flyrock are insufficient burden, improper blasthole layout and loading, anomaly in the geology and rock structure, insufficient stemming, and inadequate firing delays. Injuries due to lack of blast area security are caused by failure to use proper blasting shelter, poor communications, and inadequate guarding of the blast area (Rehak et al., 2001).

by T. S. Bajpayee, T. R. Rehak, G. L. Mowrey, and D. K. Ingram

source picture : http://mining.mosaicprojects.net/images/millward_blasting.gif

Generic protocol for loading and firing of explosives (surface mining)

2009-03-20T13:59:00.004+07:00

Blasting is a complex activity demanding special skills on the part of the blaster and other crew members. It requires a careful coordination of tasks between the blasting crew and other employees working in the vicinity of the blast site. Before loading explosives in a borehole, the blaster will generally examine the drilling logs to identify potential problem areas such as presence of mud seams, voids, or geological anomalies. This is followed by a visual inspection of the highwall face and bench top. The blaster should look for presence of overhangs, back breaks, softer stratum, and other irregularities. Laser profiling data, if required, is examined at this time. Based on the approved blasting plan and the results of examination, the blaster will calculate the charge weight, geometry, stemming, and other parameters. Safety considerations dictate that employees not associated with loading and blasting operations should leave the blast site. Blast sites should be secured and warning signs posted before loading boreholes. The blasting machine or the firing key should be securely kept by the blaster during the entire process of loading and hook up to prevent any unintentional detonation. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 30, Part 56.6306 prohibits driving vehicles and equipment over explosive material or initiating system. The rise of an explosive column in a borehole should be checked during the loading process. The blaster should know and adhere to safe operating procedures. The blaster or a designated employee should connect the individual holes to the firing line. It is a good practice to walk along the firing line to reexamine the connections. If any instrumentation for recording ground vibration and air blast has been deployed, it should be checked and set at this time. Next, the blaster should clear all employees from the blast area, post guards at all entrances to the blast area, and communicate to the mine foreman about the impending blast. The blaster (and helpers, if any) should go outside the blast area or stay inside a blasting shelter. Upon receiving clear and unambiguous feedback from the guards and mine foreman, blast signals are sounded and the shot is fired. Rock blasting releases a tremendous amount of energy in a very short time span. It is imperative to establish an effective protocol to maintain blast area security. Before sounding an all-clear signal, the blaster should conduct a visual inspection of the blast site and check for undetonated explosives, misfires, and other problems. The blasting log should be finalized at this time. Finally, all unused explosives should be returned to the magazine.

by T. S. Bajpayee, T. R. Rehak, G. L. Mowrey, and D. K. Ingram

Explosives used in surface mine blasting

2009-03-17T14:41:00.002+07:00

More than 90% of the domestic explosive and blasting agent formulations generally used are ammonium nitrate (AN) based (USGS, 2000). A mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, commonly known as ANFO, gained acceptance for blasting at surface mines. The major advantages of ANFO are related to safety, economy, and ease of handling when compared to nitroglycerine (NG)-based high explosives. Various forms of NG-based high explosives were used in surface blasting before the introduction of ANFO. During the past two decades, ANFO formulations have undergone numerous innovations to improve performance, shelf life, density, porosity, specific energy, and water resistance. Since its introduction, ANFO has replaced many grades of dynamites and other high explosives. Hundreds of patents related to improvements of ANFO and its loading procedures have been filed at the U.S. Patents Office. ANFO-based explosives are now available in various sizes, styles, and consistencies. Because of the diverse mechanical and geological properties of rock and the unique conditions at each blast site, a wide variety of products are available. Free-flowing dry blasting agents, with the addition of finely divided, flaked, or even granular aluminum, can be mechanically loaded in dry holes for improved performance. A variety of emulsified and gelled products are specifically designed for wet blastholes. Ingredients have been developed to improve density, rheology, sensitivity, water resistance, and detonation velocity of packaged and bulk products. Between 1990 and 1999, roughly 22.3 billion kg of explosives were used by the mining, quarrying, construction, and other industries in the United States (USBM, 1991; USBM, 1992; USBM, 1993; USBM, 1994; USGS 1995; USGS, 1996; USGS, 1997; USGS, 1998; USGS, 1999; USGS, 2000). Out of this, coal mining used 66.4%, nonmetal mining and quarrying 13.5%, metal mining 10.4%, construction 7.1%, and all other users 2.6%.

By T. S. Bajpayee, T. R. Rehak, G. L. Mowrey, and D. K. Ingram

Underground water inflow to a mine

2009-03-14T18:34:00.001+07:00

picture : accident because water inflow to a mine

Past experience indicates that there are four distinct modes of underground water inflow to a mine which has an important influence in designing pumping capacity. These inflow modes are:

a) Constant Rate of Inflow over a Long Period

This mode of flow is under free flow conditions which is characterized by dripping or seepage depending upon the inflow quantities. Mine development workings under an open aquifer or over a confined aquifer may experience this mode of flow.

b) Occasional Large Make of Water

Characterized by a high initial flow reducing to normal flow over a short period of time (Fig. 1). At an initial stage AB, the rate of water inflow increases rapidly as the head of water overcomes the resistance offered by the flow channels in the intervening strata , until a peak flow rate at Cis observed. This flow rate is usually of a short duration and rapidly decreases until a normal flow rate consistent with strata permeability is obtained. This type of flow is normally observed when natural or induced mining fractures intercept afinite accumulation of water such as:

-bed separation cavities

-solution cavity

-old mine workings.

This type of flow is also observed when a protective layer or a pillar between an old working and the mine is eroded due to hydraulic pressure and induced mining stresses ; for example, a barrier pillar between old workings and the present extraction panel in a steep seam conditions.

c) Large Solution Cavities

The water inflow from large caverns in Karstified rock is usually a concentrated flow for a limited period followed by a decrease in inflow rates . The residual inflow r a t e from a dewatered Karst aquifer i s only a fraction of the initial flow. The drainage control under such circumstances can be achieved by grouting from advanced boreholes, sealing the openings by underground dams whenever water is encountered and provision for large pumping capacities

d) Water Inflow Throuph an Erosive Protective Layer

Mining in the vicinity of soft argilleceous strata or protective layer in a steep seam condition allows water to erode the existing or induced mining fractures and discontinuities, thus permitting water to flow through the barrier without offering any marked resistance to the water flow. The inflow in such circumstiances starts with the roof convergence initiating the seepage at a low rate then followed by a high rate of inflow. The increase rate of inflow is accompanied by an increase in solid contents of water due to erosion of fractures and discontinuities until an equilibrium state, characterized by low rates of inflow and reduction in solid content has been reached. The above discussion shows that the mode of water inflow has a great influence on the design capacity of main standage, peak pumping capacity and a sediment settler for a mine pumping system.

Mine Water Inflow Quantities

2009-03-13T19:13:00.000+07:00

Mine water (sump)

Correct estimation of the ground water inflow quantity to the mine workings is of great importance in the design of the pumping systems. The factors affecting the mine water inflow to a mine are the hydrogeology of the rock surrounding the mining excavations, mine geometry, aquifer characterisitcs, ground water level, mining depths and structural discontinuities which will formulate flow channels of water to the mine workings. The quantity of water which can enter a mine workings can be attributed to surface hydrology, size and shape of source of water, recharge area and hydraulic characteristics of the intervening strata between the source of water and mine workings.

The source of water may be:

- surface accumulations such as lakes, rivers, seas, oceans,

- aquifers open or confined,

- bed separation cavities,

- solution cavities,

- old mine workings.

Introduction About Blasting injuries in surface mining

2009-03-13T11:07:00.000+07:00

Mining is a hazardous occupation. The average annual rate of fatal injuries (number of fatal injuries per 100,000 workers) in the mining industry exceeds that of all other industries, such as agriculture, forestry, and fishing, construction, transportation and public utilities (13.4), and manufacturing. In addition, the average number of days lost (ADL) per incident in the mining industry exceeds the ADL of all other industries (NIOSH, 2000). While cognizant of the inherent dangers, explosives are essential in breaking rock. Surface mines in the coal and metal/nonmetal sectors rely extensively on explosives to uncover mineral deposits. The mining industry considers blasting an essential component for the success of their operations.

References :

NIOSH (2000). Worker health chartbook, 2000: U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, Public Health Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2000-127.

Ebook Pumping Systems

2009-03-12T17:01:00.000+07:00

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Question Collection for Sma IPS

2009-03-12T16:54:00.000+07:00

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Ebook About Design Of Pumping Systems

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Law of mineral and coal mining

2009-03-09T13:15:00.001+07:00

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About Igneous Rock

2009-02-27T14:05:00.000+07:00

Igneous rock (etymology from Latin ignis, fire) is one of the three main rock types (the others being sedimentary and metamorphic rock). Igneous rocks are formed by solidification of cooled magma (molten rock). They may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. This magma can be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either the Earth's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them formed beneath the surface of the Earth's crust. These have diverse properties, depending on their composition and how they were formed.

Igneous Rock Textures

Tell the three types of igneous rocks apart by their texture, starting with the size of the mineral grains. Extrusive rocks cool quickly (over periods of seconds to months) and have invisible or very small grains, or an aphanitic texture. Intrusive rocks cool more slowly (over thousands of years) and have small to medium-sized grains. Plutonic rocks cool over millions of years, deep underground, and can have grains as large as pebbles — even a meter across. Both intrusive and plutonic rocks have phaneritic texture.

Because they solidified from a fluid state, igneous rocks tend to have an equigranular texture, a uniform fabric without layers, and the mineral grains are packed together tightly. Think of the texture of a piece of bread as a similar example.

In many igneous rocks, large mineral crystals "float" in a fine-grained groundmass. The large grains are called phenocrysts, and a rock with phenocrysts is called a porphyry; that is, it has a porphyritic texture. Phenocrysts are minerals that solidified earlier than the rest of the rock, and they are important clues to the rock's history.

Some extrusive rocks have distinctive textures. Obsidian, formed when lava hardens quickly, has a glassy texture. Pumice and scoria are volcanic froth, puffed up by millions of gas bubbles giving them a vesicular texture. Tuff is a rock made entirely of volcanic ash, fallen from the air or avalanched down a volcano's sides. It has a pyroclastic texture. And pillow lava is a lumpy formation created by extruding lava underwater.

Pillow lava

Source : www.wikipedia.com, http://geology.about.com

Room and Pillar mining

2009-02-15T12:37:00.003+07:00

Room and pillar mining is commonly done in flat or gently dipping bedded ore bodies. Pillars are left in place in a regular pattern while the rooms are mined out. In many room and pillar mines, the pillars are taken out starting at the farthest point from the stope access, allowing the roof to collapse and fill in the stope. This allows a greater recovery as less ore is left behind in pillars.

Ramps (inclined tunnels) are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. Drifts (horizontal tunnels) are excavated at different elevations to surround the orebody. Next, stopes (tunnels that have direct access to mining the ore) are mined to gain access to the ore. All tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting. Jumbos are in charge of drilling the holes in the rocks and filling them with explosives. The loose rock, also called muck, is transported by either dump trucks or Load Haul Dump (LHD) vehicles back up to the surface for either waste disposal or processing. As mucking progresses, rooms (tunnels) are cut into the ore body. In order to provide safe roof support for mining, pillars of material around the rooms are left standing to hold up the rock ceiling above. Some parts of the mine roof can be particularly weak and fragile. In addition to pillar support, a jumbo is then brought back in for rock bolting of the roof to ensure safety. When all the ore in the stopes has been transported up to surface, some pillars can be removed, since they still have valuable mineral content, while some must be left standing to provide active support for the ceiling. In some room and pillar mines, pillars are all excavated as mining nears completion, to allow the natural collapse of the roof.

Longwall mining

2009-02-10T15:10:00.004+07:00

Longwall mining is an exploitaion method used in fairly flat-lying, thin, tabular deposit in which a long face is established accros panel between sets of entries and retreated or advanced by narrow cuts, aided by the complete caving of the roof or hanging wall.

Longwall mining machines consist of multiple coal shearers mounted on a series of self-advancing hydraulic ceiling supports. Almost the entire process can be automated. Longwall mining machines are about 800 feet (240 meters) in width and 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 meters) tall. Longwall miners extract "panels" - rectangular blocks of coal as wide as the mining machinery and as long as 12,000 feet (3,650 meters). Massive shearers cut coal from a wall face, which falls onto a conveyor belt for removal. As a longwall miner advances along a panel, the roof behind the miner's path is allowed to collapse.

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2009-02-10T14:56:00.002+07:00

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Underground mining methods (soft rock and hard rock)

2009-02-09T15:47:00.003+07:00

Underground soft rock mining refers to a group of underground mining techniques used to extract coal, oil shale and other minerals or geological materials from sedimentary ("soft") rocks

Underground mining methods for soft rock

• Long Wall Methods

• Room and Pillar Methods

• Short Wall Methods

• Blast Mining Methods

Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals such as those containing metals like gold, copper, zinc, nickel and lead or gems such as diamonds.

Underground mining methods for hard rock, consist of :

• Cut and Fill Methods

• Drift and Fill Methods

• Block Caving Methods

source : http://www.wikipedia.org/

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2009-01-31T18:41:00.003+07:00

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Statistics Table

2009-01-29T10:23:00.004+07:00

This is the download page of Nationalinks. the download link of Statistics Table :

Binomial table.xls

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF PUMPING SYSTEMS

2009-01-26T14:34:00.002+07:00

The selection and optimization of pumping systems is mainly concerned

with relating a mine pump to its proposed duty. Various factors which

are taken into account for the detailed design of mine dewatering

systems are the quantity of mine water inflow, ground water quality,

mine layout and developments. These factors will facilitate the

determination of the pumping duties of the mine dewatering system

throughout the lifespan of the mine.

Example design of pumping system

Source: International journal of mine water (www.IMWA.info)

Stages in the life of a Mine

2009-01-26T14:09:00.003+07:00

Precursors to mining

Prospecting (Mineral defosit)

Procedure >> search for one

a. Prospecting methods

- Direct : physical, geologic

- Indirect : geophysical, geochemical

b. Locate favorable loci (maps, literature, old mine)

c. Air : aeral photography, airborne geophysics, satellite

d. Surface : ground geophysics, geology

e. Spot anomaly, analyze

2. Exploration (ore body )

Procedure >> Defining extent and value of ore examination/evaluation)

a. Sample (drilling or excavation), assay, test

b. Estimate tonnage and grade

c. Valuate deposit ( Hoskold formula or discount method):

Present value = income – cost

Feasibility study : make decision to abandon or develop

Mining Proper

3. Development (prospect)

Procedure >> Opening up ore deposit for production

a. Acquire mining right (purchase or lease). If not done in stage 2

b. File environmental impact statement, technology assessment, permit

c. Construct access roads, transport system

d. Locate surface plant

e. Excavate defosit (strip or sink shaft)

4. Exploitation (mine)

Procedure >> Large-scale production of ore

a. Factors in choice of method : geologic, geographic, economic, environmental, societal, safety

b. Types of mining methods

Surface : open pit, open cast, etc

Underground : room pillar, block caving, etc

c. Monitor costs and economic payback

Source : Introductory Mining Engineering” (Howart K Hartman, 1987).

Centrifugal Pumps

2009-01-22T13:03:00.002+07:00

These essentially comprise the single impellor pump commonly referred to as 'centrifugal' and multi-impellor pumps referred to as 'turbine'. The centrifugal single impellor pump may be either the 'single for 'double' entry type, that is, water may enter from one or both sides of the impellor. The latter would be considered only for large flow rates and indeed the simpler design, construction and maintenance of the single entry centrifugal pump generally leads to its adoption. These single stage pumps can develop heads of 15 m at reasonable efficiency but if one is prepared to sacrifice the efficiency they can easily accommodate twice that load. For example, for a clear water pumping duty of 10 l /s (120 gpm) and 36 m (120 feet) head the single impellor radial flow pump might require twice the power taken by a three-throw ram pump; although it would produce a much neater, simpler and cheaper installation. For small delivery rates a reduced gap at the impellor outlet is desirable. However, for manufacturers and operational reasons, the outlet aperture cannot be unduly reduced. To help reduce the risk of blockage especially a t the impellor outlet the suction range inlet must be protected by a s t r a i n e r of suitable screen size which must not reduce the t o t a l i n l e t area. Indeed such a s t r a i n e r would normally provide for 3 to 5 times the suction range i n l e t area. Since such pumps are nQt self-priming a non-return valve is also required a t the foot of the suction range and it is normal practice to combine the foot valve and strainer as an integral unit.

centrifugal ETA-N seri 65x65-160

source : IMWA.info

Definition Coal

2009-01-21T14:26:00.003+07:00

Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were preserved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation, thus sequestering atmospheric carbon. Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black rock. It is a sedimentary rock, but the harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen along with small quantities of other elements, notably sulfur. Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground mining or open pit mining

Coal is the largest source of fuel for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as the largest worldwide source of carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and these emissions are likely contributing to an increase in global average temperature and related climate changes.^[1] Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage is slightly more than that from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas.

coal consist of :

lignite > sub bitumen > bitumen > antrasit

English Test Part 1

2008-11-17T10:51:00.000+07:00

STIS Examination

Section 1 : structure

Direction

Each problem consists of incomplete sentence. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word of phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

1. X : do you often go to restaurant ?

Y : No, it……. Quite a long time since I went to the restaurant with my friends.

A. has been

B. would be

C. is

D. was

2. X : The hotel is suffering a great loss

Y : Yes, only ten percent of its rooms………..

A. occupies

B. occupied

C. is occupied

D. are occupied

3. The students are collecting money, food, and clothes for the people …….. houses were destroyed in the fire last week

A. Who

B. Whose

C. Whom

D. Which

4. X : Do you think I can wea my new necklace ?

Y : I wouldn’t advise………jewelry in a difficult time like this

A. Wear

B. To wear

C. To be wear

D. Wearing

5. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He……there for along time before moving here.

A. Must have lived

B. Might be living

C. Ought to have lived

D. Would have lived

Ebook Structure Geology

2008-11-17T10:37:00.001+07:00

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2008-10-18T19:25:00.008+07:00

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2008-09-17T08:59:00.001+07:00

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2008-09-17T08:34:00.002+07:00

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Guide For wordpress tutorial

2008-09-17T08:30:00.001+07:00

Wordpress part 1
Wordpress part 2

Test CPNS

2008-09-15T10:19:00.000+07:00

Test PNS ( Free Download )
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1. amendment
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3. Bakat Skolastik
4. Indonesian language
5. English
6. Falsafah Ideology

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2008-09-15T10:13:00.000+07:00

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Playstation Tips ( Harvestmoon Back to Nature )

2008-09-15T10:02:00.000+07:00

Power Berries are essential if you are aiming for a high percentage in BTN. There are 10 of them, below are where to get them!
1.Try to cut down the tree on Mother's Hill(past the lake and over the bridge). It will talk to you, and give you a choice whether to continue cutting or stop, say stop and you'll get a PB.
2.Mine in the mine behind the waterfall, you'll eventually get a PB.
3.Mine in the Winter Mine, you'll eventually get a PB.
4.Win the Swimming Festival in the summer.
5.Throw five items(one per day) into the Goddess Pond(stand where behind the waterfall to throw things in) and she'll give you a PB.
6.In the Winter, go behind and to the left of the mine. Press X and walk around (against the wall you can't see) and you'll find one!
7.Buy one off of the TV Shopping Network after you have bought all the kitchen utensils.
8.Buy one at the Horse Race.(Manage to win 1000 medals of course)
9.Fish in the Ocean and eventually you'll get a Power Berry!
10.In the Winter mine down to the bottom of the Winter Mine. Go into the cavern with the pond and start fishing, you'll eventually get a Power Berry.
11.Plant more than 90 flowers on your farm, and when Anna comes by(when they bloom) tell her she can have as many as she wants. She'll give you a Power Berry.

Why is the TOEFL test changing?

2008-08-01T13:43:00.001+07:00

To measure the ability to communicate successfully in an academic setting
The new test will better measure what colleges and universities need to know: a prospective student’s
ability to use English in an academic setting. The new Speaking section evaluates a person’s ability to
use spoken English, and the new integrated Writing and Speaking tasks measure the ability to combine
information from more than one source and communicate about it.
To refl ect how language is really used
The new integrated tasks that combine more than one skill are designed to refl ect how we really use
language. By preparing for the new TOEFL test, students will be building the skills they need in order
to use language in an academic setting and communicate with confi dence.
To keep up with the best practices in language learning and teaching
In the past, language learning focused on learning about the language (especially grammar), and
students would receive high scores on tests without necessarily having the ability to communicate.
Now teachers and learners understand the importance of learning to use English to communicate,
and activities that focus on communication and integrating (combining) skills are very popular in
many English language programs.

sigma-team.net - Alien Shooter Game overview

2008-08-01T13:34:00.001+07:00

The endless darkness and the somber, long passages of a military complex have become the abode of evil, as thousands of blood-thirsty creatures fill its offices, storehouses and mysterious laboratories.

Your mission is simple: clear the base at all costs. You will be provided with explosives to help you gain access to the teleporters from which pour thousands of pitiless creatures. A stationary gun will aid in the defense of the area. You have been granted access to the most advanced weapons technology money can buy. As you earn your pay, you can equip yourself additional weapons in the arming area and biomechanical implants that will make your fighting abilities super human.

The alien invasion has begun, we have one chance, and that is to stop them cold in their staging area. Do not allow them the escape this facility, you are our last hope. The fate of humanity now depends on you!

how to make our body more health and energizer?

2008-08-01T13:32:00.001+07:00

This several exercises and meditation help to improve your health, more energizer, more focus and more happy, fell free to do it everyday

Stand erect barefooted, relax your fingers, exhale gently, then bow forward with feet straight, touch your toes with your fingers, maintain this for a few seconds. Then inhale while returning to the standing position with arms raised as high as you can, continue your move until your body is bent backward. Then exhale while returning your fingers to your toes. Maintain this for a few seconds, inhale, and so on .... repeat seven (7) times

Relax your head, neck and shoulder muscles. Slowly rotate your head 3600 clockwise while inhaling. Hold your breath for a while, again rotate your head clockwise while exhaling. Repeat twice. Do the whole process but move your head counterclockwise, three times.

Stand straight, arms raised and outstretched to your sides. Rotate your body clockwise 3600 with eyes stay open while inhaling. When returning to your starting position, hold your breath, focus your sight forward, then repeat the rotation while exhaling. Do this five times, then repeat the whole process counterclockwise five times.

Stand straight, arms raised and outstretched to your sides. Inhale, hold, then exhale while moving your body so that your right hand is touching your left foot. Hold this position for a while, then return to your starting (standing) position while inhaling, hold, then exhale while moving your body so that your left hand is touching your right foot. Do this seven cycles.

Sit on the floor and cross your legs, spine erect, palms on your lap facing down humbs touching forefingers, eyes closed. breath naturally through your noseThen inhale for five counts, hold for five counts and exhale also for five counts. Then breath normally for a while before repeating the inhale, hold, exhale cycle. Do 25 cycles.

lay on the floor, spine erect, palms on your lap facing down, eyes closed. breath naturally through your nose, attention to the breath, do about 5 minutes

Do meditation, and visualize you are on forest complete with trees, animals and rivers etc, do about 10 minutes